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African Methodist Episcopal Church

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For individual church buildings/congregations of this name, see African Methodist Episcopal Church (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.
African Methodist Episcopal Church
ClassificationProtestant
OrientationMethodist
TheologyWesleyan-Arminian
PolityConnexionalism
AssociationsWorld Methodist Council
Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
National Council of Churches (1950)
World Council of Churches (1948)
Churches Uniting in Christ (formerly Consultation on Church Union of 1962)
Conference of National Black Churches
HeadquartersNashville, Tennessee
FounderRichard Allen (1760–1831)
Origin1816 (grew out of the Free African Society which was established in 1787) and Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, (organized 1794)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Separated fromMethodist Episcopal Church (organized 1784 in Baltimore to 1939) - (currently the United Methodist Church)
Congregations7,000[1]
Members2.5–3.5 million[1][2][3]
Official websitewww.ame-church.com
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The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the AME Church or AME, is a Methodist denomination based in the United States. It adheres to Wesleyan–Arminian theology and has a connexional polity.[4] It cooperates with other Methodist bodies through the World Methodist Council and Wesleyan Holiness Connection.[5]

Though historically a black church and the first independent Protestant denomination to be founded by Black people,[6] the African Methodist Episcopal Church welcomes and has members of all ethnicities.[7]

The AME Church was founded by Richard Allen (1760–1831) in 1816 when he called together five African American congregations of the previously established Methodist Episcopal Church with the hope of escaping the discrimination that was commonplace in society, including some churches.[7] It was among the first denominations in the United States to be founded for this reason (rather than for theological distinctions). Allen, a previously ordained deacon in the Methodist Episcopal Church, was elected by the gathered ministers and ordained as its first bishop in 1816 by the first General Conference of the five churches—extending from the three in the Philadelphia area in Pennsylvania to ones in Delaware and Baltimore, Maryland. The denomination then expanded west and through the South, particularly after the American Civil War (1861–1865). By 1906, the AME had a membership of about half a million, more than the combined predominantly black American denominations—the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, making it the largest major African-American denomination of the Methodist tradition.

The AME Church currently has 20 districts, each with its own bishop: 13 are based in the United States, mostly in the South, while seven are based in Africa. The global membership of the AME is around 2.5 million members, and it remains one of the largest Methodist denominations in the world.

Name

[edit]
African
The AME Church was created and organized by people of African descent (most descended from enslaved Africans taken to the Americas) as a response to being officially discriminated against by white congregants in the Methodist Episcopal Church. The church was not founded in Africa, nor is it exclusively for people of African descent. It is open and welcoming to people of all ethnic groups, origins, nationalities, and colors, although its congregations are predominantly made up of black Americans.[8]
Methodist
The church's roots are in the Methodist tradition. Members of St. George's Methodist Church left the congregation when faced with racial discrimination, but continued with the Methodist doctrine and the order of worship.[9]
Episcopal
The AME Church operates under an episcopal form of church government.[10] The denomination leaders are bishops of the church.

History

[edit]
Richard Allen

Origins

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The AME Church worked out of the Free African Society (FAS), which Richard Allen, Absalom Jones, and other free blacks established in Philadelphia in 1787. They left St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church because of discrimination. Although Allen and Jones were both accepted as preachers, they were limited to black congregations. In addition, the blacks were made to sit in a separate gallery built in the church when their portion of the congregation increased. These former members of St. George's made plans to transform their mutual aid society into an African congregation. Although the group was originally non-denominational, eventually members wanted to affiliate with existing denominations.[11]

Allen led a small group who resolved to remain Methodist. They formed the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1793. In general, they adopted the doctrines and form of government of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1794 Bethel AME was dedicated with Allen as pastor. To establish Bethel's independence, Allen successfully sued in the Pennsylvania courts in 1807 and 1815 for the right of his congregation to exist as an institution independent of white Methodist congregations.

Because black Methodists in other middle Atlantic communities also encountered racism and desired religious autonomy, Allen called them to meet in Philadelphia in 1816 to form a new Wesleyan denomination. Sixteen representatives, from Bethel African Church in Philadelphia and African churches in Baltimore, MD, Wilmington, DE, Attleboro, PA, and Salem, NJ, met to form a church organization or connection under the title of the "African Methodist Episcopal Church".[12]

Growth

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It began with eight clergy and five churches, and by 1846 had grown to 176 clergy, 296 churches, and 17,375 members. Safe villages like the Village of Lima, Pennsylvania, were setup with nearby AME churches and in sometimes involved in the Underground Railroad.[13] The 20,000 members in 1856 were located primarily in the North.[14][15] AME national membership (including probationers and preachers) jumped from 70,000 in 1866 to 207,000 in 1876.[16]

Denmark Vesey memorial in Hampton Park in Charleston, South Carolina

The church also expanded internationally during this period. The British Overseas Territory of Bermuda, 640 miles from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, was settled in 1609 by the Virginia Company and retained close links with Virginia and the Carolinas (with Charleston settled from Bermuda in 1670 under William Sayle) for the next two centuries, with Bermudians playing both sides during the American War of Independence, being the point from which the blockade of southern Atlantic ports was maintained and the Chesapeake Campaign was launched during the American War of 1812, and being the primary port through which European-manufactured weapons and supplies were smuggled into the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Other Bermudians, such as First Sergeant Robert John Simmons of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, fought to end slavery in the United States.[17] Among the numerous residents of the American South with ties to Bermuda was Denmark Vesey, who was brought to South Carolina from Bermuda as a slave before purchasing his freedom. Vesey was a founder of Mother Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church before his execution after conviction in a show trial resulting from white hysteria over an alleged conspiracy for a slave revolt in 1822.[18][19]

St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church Hamilton Parish, Bermuda
St. John AME Church 125th anniversary plaque

The majority of the population of Bermuda during the first century of settlement was European, with free and enslaved blacks primarily from the Spanish West Indies and Native Americans, primarily from New England (anyone not entirely of European ancestry was counted as coloured). As any child of a coloured and a white parent was counted as coloured, the ratio of the white to coloured population shifted during the course of the 18th century (4,850 whites and 3,514 coloured in 1721; but 4,755 whites and 5,425 coloured in 1811). The Church of England was the established church, and was the only church originally permitted to operate in Bermuda. Presbyterians were permitted to have a separate church and to conduct their own services during the 18th century. The Wesleyan Methodists sought to include enslaved blacks and a law was passed by the Parliament of Bermuda in 1800 barring any but Church of England and Presbyterian ministers from preaching. The Methodist Reverend John Stephenson was incarcerated in December, 1800, for six months for preaching to slaves.[20] The law and attitudes changed during the course of the following century, but any church organised by blacks and organising blacks would not be welcomed by the white dominated Government. Stephenson was followed in 1808 by the Reverend Joshua Marsden. There were 136 members of the Society when Marsden left Bermuda in 1812.

Susette Harriet Lloyd travelled to Bermuda in company with the Church of England's Archdeacon of Bermuda Aubrey Spencer. Her visit lasted two years, and her ‘’Sketches of Bermuda’’ (a collection of letters she had written en route to, and during her stay in, Bermuda, and dedicated to Archdeacon Spencer) was published in 1835, immediately following the 1834 abolition of slavery in Bermuda and the remainder of the British Empire (Bermuda elected to end slavery immediately, becoming the first colony to do so, though all other British colonies except for Antigua availed themselves of an allowance made by the Imperial government enabling them to phase slavery out gradually).[21] Lloyd's book gives a rare contemporary account of Bermudian society immediately prior to the abolition of slavery. Among her many observations of the people of Bermuda, Lloyd noted of the coloured population:

The gleam of Christianity which penetrated the dreary dungeon of their African superstition, was at first so faint that it served rather to discover the gloom than to dispel the darkness which shrouded them; and having embraced the profession of the gospel, they adopted its name without receiving its influence in their heart. It is only within the last five or six years that any regular system has been adopted to give the coloured people instruction in schools connected with the church of England. This blessing is now imparted to nearly 1000 persons, in which number I do not include those who are educated in the schools under the dissenters, some of which are very flourishing.

Lloyd's negative comments on the dissenters was in reference to the Wesleyan Methodists. The degree of education of coloured Bermudians would be noted by later visitors, also. Christiana Rounds wrote in Harper's Magazine (re-published in an advertising pamphlet by A.L Mellen, the Proprietor of the Hamilton Hotel in 1876):[22]

the colored people deserve some notice, forming, as they do, a large majority of the population. The importation of negroes from Africa ceased long before the abolition of slavery, which may account for the improved type of physiognomy one encounters here. The faces of some are fine, and many of the women are really pretty. They are polite, about as well dressed as anybody, attend all the churches, and are members thereof, are more interested in schools than the poor whites, and a very large proportion of them can both read and write.

The foundation stone of a Wesleyan Methodist Chapel was laid in St. George's Town on the 8 June 1840, the local Society (by then numbering 37 class leaders, 489 members, and 20 other communicants) having previously occupied a small, increasingly decrepit building that had been damaged beyond use in a storm in 1839. The inscription on the foundation stone included:[23]

Mr. James Dawson is the gratuitous Architect; Mr. Robert Lavis Brown, the Overseer. The Lot of Land on which the Chapel is built was purchased, April 24th, 1839, from Miss Caroline Lewis, for Two hundred and fifty pounds currency. The names of the Trustees are, William Arthur Outerbridge, William Gibbons, Thomas Stowe Tuzo, Alfred Tucker Deane, James Richardson, Thomas Richardson, John Stephens, Samuel Rankin Higgs, Robert Lavis Brown, James Andrew Durnford, Thomas Argent Smith, John P. Outerbridge, and Benjamin Burchall.

The AME First District website records that in the autumn of 1869, three farsighted Christian men—Benjamin Burchall of St. George’s, William B. Jennings of Devonshire and Charles Roach Ratteray of Somerset—set in motion the wheels that brought African Methodism to Bermuda.[24] By the latter Nineteenth Century, the law in Bermuda specified that any denomination permitted to operate in the United Kingdom should also be permitted in the colony (although only the Church of England, the Presbyterian Church, and the Wesleyan Methodists were permitted to conduct baptisms, weddings and funerals until after the First World War). As the Imperial Government had ruled that the AME Church could operate in the United Kingdom, the first AME church in Bermuda was erected in 1885 in Hamilton Parish, on the shore of Harrington Sound, and titled St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church (the congregation had begun previously as part of the British Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada).[25] Although the Church of England (since 1978, titled the Anglican Church of Bermuda) remains the largest denomination in Bermuda (15.8%), the AME quickly flourished (accounting for 8.6% of the population today), overtaking the Wesleyan Methodists (2.7% today).

The rise of the Wesleyan-Holiness movement in Methodism influenced the African Methodist Episcopal Church, with Jarena Lee and Amanda Smith preaching the doctrine of entire sanctification throughout pulpits of the connexion.[26]

A photograph of a church
AME Zion Church in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Education

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AME put a high premium on education. In the 19th century, the AME Church of Ohio collaborated with the Methodist Episcopal Church, a predominantly white denomination, in sponsoring the second independent historically black college (HBCU), Wilberforce University in Ohio. By 1880, AME operated over 2,000 schools, chiefly in the South, with 155,000 students. For school houses they used church buildings; the ministers and their wives were the teachers; the congregations raised the money to keep schools operating at a time the segregated public schools were starved of funds.[27]

Bishop Turner

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After the America Civil War, Bishop Henry McNeal Turner (1834–1915) was a major leader of the AME and played a role in Republican Party politics. In 1863 during the American Civil War, Turner was appointed as the first black chaplain in the United States Colored Troops. Afterward, he was appointed to the Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia. He settled in Macon, Georgia, and was elected to the state legislature in 1868 during Reconstruction. He planted many AME churches in Georgia after the war.[28]

In 1880 he was elected as the first southern bishop of the AME Church after a fierce battle within the denomination. Angered by the Democrats' regaining power and instituting Jim Crow laws in the late nineteenth century South, Turner was the leader of black nationalism and proposed emigration of blacks to Africa.[28]

Race

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President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama attend a church service at Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C., on January 20, 2013.[29]

The African Methodist Episcopal Church has a unique history as it is the first major religious denomination in the western world that developed because of race rather than theological differences. It was the first African-American denomination organized and incorporated in the United States. The church was born in protest against racial discrimination and slavery. This was in keeping with the Methodist Church's philosophy, whose founder John Wesley had once called the slave-trade "that execrable sum of all villainies." In the 19th century, the AME Church of Ohio collaborated with the Methodist Episcopal Church, a predominantly white denomination, in sponsoring the second independent historically black college (HBCU), Wilberforce University in Ohio. Among Wilberforce University's early founders was Salmon P. Chase, then-governor of Ohio and the future Secretary of Treasury under President Abraham Lincoln.

Other members of the FAS wanted to affiliate with the Episcopal Church and followed Absalom Jones in doing that. In 1792, they founded the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, the first Episcopal church in the United States with a founding black congregation. In 1804, Jones was ordained as the first black priest in the Episcopal Church.

While the AME is doctrinally Methodist, clergy, scholars, and lay persons have written works that demonstrate the distinctive racial theology and praxis that have come to define this Wesleyan body. In an address to the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions, Bishop Benjamin W. Arnett reminded the audience of blacks' influence in the formation of Christianity. Bishop Benjamin T. Tanner wrote in 1895 in The Color of Solomon – What? that biblical scholars wrongly portrayed the son of David as a white man. In the post-civil rights era, theologians James Cone,[30] Cecil W. Cone, and Jacqueline Grant, who came from the AME tradition, criticized Euro-centric Christianity and African-American churches for their shortcomings in resolving the plight of those oppressed by racism, sexism, and economic disadvantage.[31][32]

Statistics

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The World Council of Churches estimates the membership of the AME Church at around 2,510,000; 3,817 pastors, 21 bishops and 7,000 congregations.[1][33]

Organization

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General Conference

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The General Conference is the supreme body of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. It is composed of the bishops, as ex officio presidents, according to the rank of election, and an equal number of ministerial and lay delegates, elected by each of the annual conferences and the lay electoral colleges of the annual conferences. Other ex officio members are: the general officers, college presidents, deans of theological seminaries; and chaplains in the regular United States Armed Forces. The General Conference meets every four years, but may have extra sessions in certain emergencies.

At the General Conference of the AME Church, notable and renowned speakers have been invited to address the clergy and laity of the congregation. Such as in 2008, the church invited then Senator Barack H. Obama,[34] and in 2012, the church invited then First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama.[35]

Council of Bishops

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The Council of Bishops is the executive branch of the church. It has the general oversight of the church during the interim between general conferences. The AME Council of Bishops shall meet annually at such time and place as the majority of the council shall determine and also at such other times as may be deemed necessary in the discharging its responsibility as the executive branch of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. This council shall hold at least two public sessions at each annual meeting. At the first, complaints and petitions against a bishop shall be heard, at the second, the decisions of the council shall be made public. All decisions shall be in writing.

Board of Incorporators

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The Board of Incorporators, also known as the General Board of Trustees, has the supervision, in trust, of all connectional property of the church and is vested with authority to act in behalf of the AME Church wherever necessary.

General Board

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The AME General Board is in many respects the administrative body and comprises various departmental commissions made up of the respective treasurer/CFO, the secretary/CIO of the AME Church, the treasurer/CFO and the members of the various commissions, and one bishop as presiding officer with the other bishops associating.

Judicial Council

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The Judicial Council is the highest judicatory body of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. It is an appellate court, elected by the General Conference and is amenable to it.

Bishops

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Four Horsemen: important bishops

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Current bishops and assignments

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Retired bishops

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  • John Hurst Adams*
  • Julius Harrison McAllister, Sr.
  • John Franklin White
  • Clement W. Fugh
  • Adam J. Richardson Jr.
  • Frank Madison Reid III
  • E. Anne Henning-Byfield
  • Richard Allen Hildebrand*
  • Frederick Hilborn Talbot*
  • Hamil Hartford Brookins*
  • Vinton Randolph Anderson*
  • Frederick Calhoun James
  • Frank Curtis Cummings
  • Philip Robert Cousin, Sr
  • Harold Benjamin Senatle*
  • Robert Thomas, Jr.*
  • Henry Allen Belin, Jr.*
  • Richard Allen Chappelle, Sr*
  • Vernon Randolph Byrd, Sr. *
  • Robert Vaughn Webster
  • Zedekiah Lazett Grady*
  • Carolyn Tyler Guidry
  • Cornal Garnett Henning, Sr.*
  • Sarah Frances Davis*
  • John Richard Bryant
  • William P. Deveaux*
  • T. Larry Kirkland
  • Benjamin F. Lee
  • Richard Franklin Norris, Sr.*
  • Vashti Murphy McKenzie
  • Preston Warren Williams, II
  • McKinley Young*

* Deceased

Ecumenism

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The African Methodist Episcopal Church cooperates with other Methodist bodies through the World Methodist Council and Wesleyan Holiness Connection.[5]

In May 2012, the African Methodist Episcopal Church entered into full communion with the racially-integrated United Methodist Church, and the predominantly black/African American members of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, African Union Methodist Protestant Church, Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, and Union American Methodist Episcopal Church, in which these churches agreed to "recognize each other's churches, share sacraments, and affirm their clergy and ministries", bringing a semblance of unity and reconciliation to those church bodies which follow in the footsteps of John and Charles Wesley.[36]

Doctrine

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Further information: Methodist theology

The AME motto, "God Our Father, Christ Our Redeemer, Holy Spirit Our Comforter, Humankind Our Family", reflects the basic beliefs of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.[37]

The basic foundations of the beliefs of the church can be summarized in the Apostles' Creed, and the 25 Articles of Religion, held in common with other Methodist denominations. The church also observes the official bylaws of the AME Church. The "Doctrine and Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Church" is revised at every AME General Conference and published every four years. The AME Church also follows the rule that a minister of the denomination must retire at age 75,[38] with bishops, more specifically, being required to retire upon the general conference nearest their 75th birthday.[39]

Social issues

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The AME Church is active regarding issues of social justice and has invested time in reforming the criminal justice system.[40] The AME Church also opposes "elective abortion".[41] On women's issues, the AME has supported gender equality and, in 2000, first elected a woman to become bishop.[42]

While always being open to people of all racial backgrounds, the AME has advocated for the civil and human rights of ethnic minorities, such as African Americans, through social improvement, religious autonomy, and political engagement.[7]

The African Methodist Episcopal Church unanimously voted to forbid ministers from blessing same-sex unions in July 2004.[43][44] The church leaders stated that homosexual activity "clearly contradicts [their] understanding of Scripture" and that the call of the African Methodist Episcopal Church "is to hear the voice of God in our Scriptures".[43] In the same year, the General Conference voted to "appoint a sexual ethics discernment committee to make recommendations to the denomination about LGBTQ matters."[45] As of 2015, "the AME Church’s Doctrine and Discipline [had] no explicit policy regarding gay clergy."[46] Regarding LGBT clergy, in 2003, Bishop Richard Franklin Norris declared his position for his region of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and instructed pastors of the denomination to read it to their congregations:[43]

The official position of the African Methodist Episcopal Church is not in favor of the ordination of openly gay persons to the ranks of clergy in our church. This position reaffirms our published position papers, public statements and prior rulings, all of which indicate that we do not support the ordination of openly gay persons.[43]

In 2021, the AME General Conference voted against a motion to allow same-sex marriages in church, but confirmed that "it does not bar LGBTQ individuals from serving as pastors or otherwise leading the denomination."[47] The same AME General Conference voted "to appoint a sexual ethics discernment committee to make recommendations to the denomination about LGBTQ matters."[48][49][50] In 2024, the AME General Conference voted against allowing same-sex marriage, the vote was 896 to 722; following that vote, the Conference voted to continue the "sexual ethics discernment committee" through 2028.[51]

The AME Church voted to take "a stand against climate change".[52]

Schools

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The African Methodist Episcopal Church has been one of the forerunners of education within the African-American community.

Former colleges and universities of the AME Church:

Senior colleges within the United States:

Junior colleges within the United States:

Theological seminaries within the United States:

Foreign colleges and universities:

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "African Methodist Episcopal Church – World Council of Churches". oikoumene.org. May 14, 2014. Archived from the original on May 15, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  2. ^ Pratt, George. "Largest Religious groups in the United States of America". Adherents.com. Adherence.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2017-01-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ Zavada, Jack (May 14, 2014). "African Methodist Episcopal – Brief Overview of the African Methodist Episcopal Church". christianity.about.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  4. ^ Anyabwile, Thabiti M. (14 November 2007). The Decline of African American Theology: From Biblical Faith to Cultural Captivity. InterVarsity Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8308-2827-2.
  5. ^ a b Scott, David W. (11 August 2020). "UMC Ecumenical Partnerships: Multilateral Partnerships". UM Insight. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  6. ^ "Richard Allen". PBS. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
  7. ^ a b c Freelon, Kiratiana; Thomas III, John (19 October 2019). "At Home in Allen's Church: Stories of Multicultural AME Members". The Christian Recorder. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  8. ^ Beck, Carolyn S. (1988). "Our Own Vine and Fig Tree: The Authority of History and Kinship in Mother Bethel". Review of Religious Research. 29 (4): 369–84. doi:10.2307/3511576. JSTOR 3511576.
  9. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2007). A Will to Choose: The Origins of African American Methodism. Introduction by Woodie W. White. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0742552647. LCCN 2006034686. OCLC 73993826. OL 10721694M.
  10. ^ "Our Church". ame-church.com. June 14, 2014. Archived from the original on June 14, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  11. ^ The story of the church founding is retold in the 1949 episode "Apostle of Freedom", a radio drama presented in Richard Durham's Destination Freedom anthology series. See: OCLC 1323141013 and MacDonald, J. Fred, ed. (1989). Richard Durham's Destination Freedom. New York: Praeger. p. x. ISBN 0275931382.
  12. ^ The National Cyclopedia of The Colored Race, Clement Richardson Editor-in-Chief, Volume One, p. 576, National Publishing Company, Inc., Montgomery, Alabama, 1919
  13. ^ Leslie Potter. "History: Local: Village of Lima, Middletown Twp, Chester (now Delaware) Co, PA". usgwarchives.net. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  14. ^ James T. Campbell, Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (1995)
  15. ^ A. Nevell Owens, Formation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the Nineteenth Century: Rhetoric of Identification (2014)
  16. ^ The Annual Cyclopedia: 1866,(1867) p. 492; The Annual Cyclopedia: 1876 (1877) p. 532
  17. ^ "Fighting to save America's soul. The Royal Gazette. 9 August, 2008". 9 August 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  18. ^ "Bermudians remember slain US pastor, by Owain Johnston-Barnes. The Royal Gazette, City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Published 27 June, 2015". 27 June 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  19. ^ "Connections to Charleston, South Carolina, by Dr Edward Harris. The Royal Gazette, City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Published 16 November, 2013". 16 November 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  20. ^ "Biography | John Stephenson". Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  21. ^ ‘’Sketches of Bermuda’’. By Susette Harriet Lloyd. Published by James Cochrane and Co., 11, Waterloo-Place, London. 1835. Printed by W. Wilcockson, Whitefriars. 1835.
  22. ^ Bermuda. By Christiana Rounds. Harper's Magazine. Re-printed in an advertising pamphlet for the Hamilton Hotel by A.L Mellen, Proprietor. Hamilton Hotel, Church Street, City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda (the hotel was destroyed by arson in the 1950s, and the site is now occupied by the Hamilton City Hall, an adjacent carpark, and the Hamilton Bus Terminal). 1876
  23. ^ "Communicated". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 1840-06-16. p. 2.
  24. ^ "Welcome to the Bermuda Conference!. Website of The First Episcopal District of the African Methodist Episcopal Church". Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  25. ^ Chudleigh, Diana (2002). Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Hamilton Parish. Bermuda: The Bermuda National Trust. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  26. ^ a b Ingersol, Stan. "African Methodist Women in the Wesleyan-Holiness Movement". Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  27. ^ William E. Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865–1900 (1993) pp. 148–52.
  28. ^ a b Stephen Ward Angell, Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South, (1992)
  29. ^ Harris, Hamil R. (January 20, 2013). "Obamas attend church prior to White House swearing-in". The Washington Post. Image credits: Hamil Harris/TWP. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 464372658. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014. The president has not a joined a church in Washington and most frequently attends St. John's Church, an Episcopal church close to the White House.
  30. ^ ""Dr. Cone is an ordained minister in the (A.M.E.) church." (Union Theological Seminary's URL)". Archived from the original on September 30, 2011.
  31. ^ James H. Cone, Black theology and black power (2nd ed. 1997).
  32. ^ Jacquelyn Grant, White Woman's Christ and Black Woman's Jesus (1989)
  33. ^ "African Methodist Episcopal Church". oikoumene.org. World Council of Churches. October 2, 2012. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  34. ^ "Obama preaches to African Methodist Episcopal gathering about self reliance". STLPR. 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
  35. ^ "First Lady Michelle Obama at the African Methodist Episcopal Church's General Conference". whitehouse.gov. 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
  36. ^ Banks, Adelle M. (7 May 2012). "Methodists Reach Across Historic Racial Boundaries with Communion Pact". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  37. ^ "Our Motto". AME Church. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
  38. ^ Heagney, Meredith (March 21, 2008). "Legacy of retiring AME bishop includes health center". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  39. ^ "Our Structure". African Methodist Episcopal Church. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  40. ^ "Social Action Commission – Focus on Baltimore – AME Church". AME Church. 2015-05-01. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  41. ^ "Current abortion beliefs of religious groups". www.religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  42. ^ Goodstein, Laurie (2000-07-12). "After 213 Years, A.M.E. Church Elects First Woman as a Bishop". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  43. ^ a b c d "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: African Methodist Episcopal Church". The Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 2009-11-21. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  44. ^ Fears, Darryl (2004-11-02). "Gay Blacks Feeling Strained Church Ties". The Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
  45. ^ "AME General Conference votes to form committee to study LGBTQ issues". Religion News Service. 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  46. ^ "Gay pastor's removal brings sadness, defiance". United Methodist News Service. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  47. ^ Post, Kathryn (2021-07-07). "AME General Conference debate on same-sex marriage continues after bill is voted down". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  48. ^ "African Methodist Episcopal Church to Form Sexual Ethics Discernment Committee | The Banner". www.thebanner.org. 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  49. ^ "AME general conference votes to form committee to study LGBTQ issues". The Christian Century. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  50. ^ Medium, Seattle (2021-07-26). "AME Church Elects New Leadership And Begins LGBTQ+ Discernment Process At 2021 General Conference". The Seattle Medium. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  51. ^ Recorder, The Christian; Admin (2024-08-27). "Business Session 10". The Christian Recorder. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  52. ^ "African Methodist Episcopal Church Passes Climate Resolution". 2016-07-25. Retrieved 2016-07-26.[dead link‍]
  53. ^ "Wayman Institute · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database". nkaa.uky.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  54. ^ Murphy, Larry G.; Melton, J. Gordon; Ward, Gary L. (2013-11-20). Encyclopedia of African American Religions. Routledge. p. 772. ISBN 978-1-135-51338-2.
  55. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney (1996). Notable Black American Women. New York: Gale Research. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-8103-9177-2.
  56. ^ "Daniel Blue, Church Administrator born". African American Registry (AAREG). Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  57. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Liberia". 2001-2009.state.gov.
  58. ^ "Bishop Carolyn Tyler Guidry's Biography". The HistoryMakers.
  59. ^ Harger, Jim (4 November 2009). "Lyman Parks, first black mayor of Grand Rapids, dies at 92". Online Newspaper. Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  60. ^ "African American Registry: Bishop Daniel Payne lead with mind and spirit". Archived from the original on 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2005-12-11.
  61. ^ "Home". bethel1.org.
  62. ^ See: Balto. City Heritage Area marker on site with sketch.
  63. ^ "The HistoryMakers". Archived from the original on 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2005-12-11.
  64. ^ "Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period". Library of Congress. 9 February 1998. Retrieved 2022-03-07.

Further reading

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  • Bailey, Julius H. Race Patriotism Protest and Print Culture in the AME Church. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2012.
  • Campbell, James T. Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Cone, James. God Our Father, Christ Our Redeemer, Man Our Brother: A Theological Interpretation of the AME Church, AME Church Review, vol. 106, no. 341 (1991).
  • Dickerson, Dennis C. The African Methodist Episcopal Church (Cambridge University Press 2020) excerpt, a major scholarly history.
  • Gregg, Howard D. History of the African Methodist Episcopal Church: The Black Church in Action. Nashville, TN: Henry A. Belin, Jr., 1980.
  • Owens, A. Nevell. Formation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the Nineteenth Century: Rhetoric of Identification (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014) ISBN 1349466212
  • Wayman, Alexander W. Cyclopaedia of African Methodism. Baltimore: Methodist Episcopal Book Depository, 1882.
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